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Also how do you think about conglomerate-like activity in developed countries (current example everyone uses is Google/Alphabet, historical would be Bell Labs). There is no shortage of long time-horizon investment capital in the system in the form of pension funds, endowments, etc., so is this sort of behavior just empire-building that could be replicated by the market in the form of focused moonshot projects funded by long-term investors, or do you think there is something useful in having the projects be appendages of a dominant corporation?

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Well, I think I covered this in the article — companies with different divisions prefer to spin them off generally, and have each sector seek investment individually.

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I think 1 makes a lot of sense to me. On a somewhat related note, could it also be that conglomerates have an easier time with currency/capital controls in some manner (I don't know too much about the specifics)? Easier to repurpose export earnings to imports without having to go through banking system?

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Corruption. Corruption increases the calculated productivity of firms with corrupt managers since they generate more revenue with the same inputs. Politically connected managers will appear to provide a magical productivity boost that's actually just about exclusion from regulations and sweet deal contracts.

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Another factor could be political lobby, as governments are more chaotic and firms sizes are smaller having a shared voice to the government seems like an advantage.

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